Roots of Rebellion

In addition to taxation, British policies limiting expansion into Native American land further alienated colonists.

Victory in the Seven Years' War did not bring an end to violence. Uprisings led by Native Americans and colonists erupted along the frontier. To maintain peace, King George III decreed a new land policy that sought to protect tribal lands from unauthorized colonial settlement. Many colonists viewed Britain's interference with their western ambitions as tyrannical, especially veterans of the Seven Years' War, who had been promised bounty lands for their service.

To quell unrest between the colonists and Native American tribes, King George issued a royal proclamation on October 7, 1763, that forbade colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains. Three months earlier, royal Indian Agent John Stuart sent this broadside to the Cherokee informing them of the King's intentions to protect "Indians in their just rights and possessions." The proclamation line, as it's known, was difficult to enforce and did little to halt colonists from settling on tribal lands.

Many settlers ignored the royal proclamation line. But land speculators like Richard Henry Lee and George Washington (who needed clear title to sell land) could not. In 1768, Washington, Lee, and other members of the Mississippi Land Company unsuccessfully petitioned the King for a land grant. The Crown's decision to restrict westward expansion heightened colonial hostility. Ultimately, Lee introduced the resolution for American independence, and Washington led the army that won it.

Unable to stop colonial trespasses on Native American lands, royal officials negotiated with tribes to cede more land for colonial settlement. It backfired with the 1768 Fort Stanwix Treaty. To protect their own homeland, representatives of the Six Nations sold off a huge tract of land claimed by other tribes, including the Shawnee. Fearful of provoking war with a powerful coalition of tribes, the British government blocked implementation of the controversial treaty–which in turn angered colonists.

The British decision to levy taxes on its American colonies led to widespread resistance and ultimately revolution. 

The cost of running the British Empire rapidly swelled after the Seven Years' War. Believing that the colonies should contribute to the expense of their own administration, the British Parliament implemented a series of unpopular trade regulations and taxes that provoked widespread protest. Colonists claimed that these taxes violated their constitutional rights. Great Britain insisted on its right to tax British subjects. Tensions mounted with each new measure as colonial resistance grew into open rebellion.

Colonial boycotts of imported British goods taxed under the Townshend Acts forces the British Parliament to repeal nearly all of the duties in March 1770. However, it kept the tax on tea as a symbol of Britain's authority over the colonies. A year later the Pennsylvania Assembly petitioned the King to intervene on his subjects' behalf. Britain's refusal to relent led several dozen Bostonians to take extreme action when they dumped tea into the harbor at the "Boston Tea Party."

To punish Boston for the "Boston Tea Party," the British Parliament passed a series of measures in 1774 called the Coercive Acts-later renamed "Intolerable" by revolutionaries. This copy of the Pennsylvania Journal published two of the four acts and the reactions of Annapolis, Maryland, and Chelmsford, Massachusetts. Instead of isolating Boston and intimidating colonists as intended, the Coercive Acts further united Americans in a "Common Cause" that spurred the convening of the First Continental Congress.